From 1789 to Today: The Unresolved Struggles of Economic Inequality

The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that profoundly influenced the course of modern history. It challenged the established social order, economic inequality, and autocratic rule, leading to significant changes in governance and society (Hanson, 2009). Drawing parallels between the French Revolution and contemporary politics and inequalities can provide insights into potential future developments (Doyle, 2018).

During the French Revolution, France experienced immense upheaval, marking a profound shift in social and political dynamics (Popkin, 2016). Economic struggles, stark social inequalities, and an autocratic regime that failed to address the needs and grievances of the common people drove the revolution (Jones, 2013). Looking at today’s world, striking similarities offer insights into what our near future might hold (Blaufarb & Lewis, 2018).

Back in the late 18th century, France grappled with severe economic problems. The state was deeply in debt due to expensive wars and the extravagant lifestyle of the monarchy (Tackett, 2015). This economic strain hit the lower classes the hardest, leading to widespread dissatisfaction and eventual revolt (Neely, 2008). Today, we see a similar pattern with growing economic inequality across the globe (Piketty, 2014). The gap between the wealthy and the poor is widening, creating fertile ground for social unrest and demands for significant changes (Saez & Zucman, 2020).

Social hierarchies in pre-revolutionary France were rigid and oppressive, with the clergy and nobility enjoying privileges far beyond those of the common people (Andress, 2015). The Third Estate, which comprised most of the population, grew increasingly frustrated by their lack of social mobility and political power (Hunt, 2016). This tension culminated in a united front against the upper classes. In contemporary society, significant social divides persist, with marginalized groups fighting for equal rights and opportunities (Schaefer, 2020). These persistent inequalities and barriers to upward mobility continue to fuel protests and social movements worldwide (Tarrow, 2011).

Political discontent was another major factor in the French Revolution. The common people had…